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Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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The Makefiles call the respective interpreter explicitly, but this makes
it easier to use the scripts manually.
Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
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The correct syntax for gcc -x is "gcc -x assembler", not
"gcc -xassembler". Even though the latter happens to work, the former
is what is documented in the manual page and thus what gcc wrappers
such as icecream do expect.
This isn't a cosmetic change. The missing space prevents icecream from
recognizing compilation tasks it can't handle, leading to silent kernel
miscompilations.
Besides me, credits go to Michael Matz and Dirk Mueller for
investigating the miscompilation issue and tracking it down to this
incorrect -x parameter syntax.
Signed-off-by: Jean Delvare <jdelvare@suse.de>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Bernhard Walle <bernhard@bwalle.de>
Cc: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
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The '-e' option to echo and brace expansion are not guaranteed to be supported
by a POSIX-compliant /bin/sh (e.g. dash)
Signed-off-by: dann frazier <dannf@debian.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
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Greg Schafer <gschafer@zip.com.au> reported:
====
$make mrproper
scripts/gcc-version.sh: [[: command not found
This is on a very old host with an ancient bash as /bin/sh. But I have
CONFIG_SHELL set and pointing to a modern bash. Something is wrong.
This doesn't happen with 2.6.23
====
Fixed using a more common string equality test.
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Greg Schafer <gschafer@zip.com.au>
Cc: Jesper Juhl <jesper.juhl@gmail.com>
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Currently, if you call scripts/gcc-version.sh without arguments it will
generate this output :
$ sh scripts/gcc-version.sh
scripts/gcc-version.sh: line 12: [: =: unary operator expected
scripts/gcc-version.sh: line 16: -E: command not found
scripts/gcc-version.sh: line 17: -E: command not found
0000
Not too pretty. I believe this is an improvement :
$ sh scripts/gcc-version.sh
Error: No compiler specified.
Usage:
scripts/gcc-version.sh <gcc-command>
Signed-off-by: Jesper Juhl <jesper.juhl@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
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Prints a six-digit string including the GCC patchlevel. Also fix
the 'usage' comment for cc-version.
Signed-off-by: Segher Boessenkool <segher@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
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From: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>, me.
Using -mregparm=3 shrinks the kernel further:
(compiled with gcc 3.4, without -funit-at-a-time, using the later and
together with -Os shrinks .text even more, making over 700KB difference)
4129346 708629 207240 5045215 4cfbdf vmlinux
3892905 708629 207240 4808774 496046 vmlinux-regparm
This one helps even more, >236KB .text difference. Clearly worth
the effort.
This patch adds an option to use -mregparm=3 while compiling the kernel. I
did an LTP run and it showed no additional failures over an non regparm
kernel.
According to some gcc developers it should be safe to use in all gccs that
are still supports (2.95 and up)
I didn't make it the default because it will break all binary only modules
(although they can be fixed by adding a wrapper that calls them with
"asmlinkage"). Actually it may be a good idea to make this default with
2.7.1 or somesuch.
We add new kbuild infrastructure: the command
scripts/gcc-version.sh $(CC)
will print out the version of gcc in a canonical 4-digit form suitable for
performing numerical tests against.
DESC
arch/i386/Makefile,scripts/gcc-version.sh,Makefile small fixes
EDESC
From: Serge Belyshev <33554432@mtu-net.ru>
arch/i386/Makefile:
* omitted $(KBUILD_SRC)/ in script call.
scripts/gcc-version.sh:
* GNU tail no longer supports 'tail -1' syntax.
We should consider adding -fweb option:
vanilla:
$ size vmlinux
text data bss dec hex filename
3056270 526780 386056 3969106 3c9052 vmlinux
with -fweb:
$ size vmlinux
text data bss dec hex filename
3049523 526780 386056 3962359 3c75f7 vmlinux
Also note 0.1 ... 1.0% speedup in various benchmarks.
This option is not enabled by default at -O2 because it
(like -fomit-frame-pointer) makes debugging impossible.
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