py/parsenum: Throw an exception for invalid int literals like "01".

This includes making int("01") parse in base 10 like standard Python.
When a base of 0 is specified it means auto-detect based on the prefix, and
literals begining with 0 (except when the literal is all 0's) like "01" are
then invalid and now throw an exception.

The new error message is different from CPython. It says e.g.,
`SyntaxError: invalid syntax for integer with base 0: '09'`

Additional test cases were added to cover the changed & added code.

Co-authored-by: Damien George <damien@micropython.org>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Epler <jepler@gmail.com>

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