py/objexcept: Prevent infinite recursion when allocating exceptions.

The aim of this patch is to rewrite the functions that create exception
instances (mp_obj_exception_make_new and mp_obj_new_exception_msg_varg) so
that they do not call any functions that may raise an exception.  Otherwise
it's possible to create infinite recursion with an exception being raised
while trying to create an exception object.

The two main things that are done to accomplish this are:
1. Change mp_obj_new_exception_msg_varg to just format the string, then
   call mp_obj_exception_make_new to actually create the exception object.
2. In mp_obj_exception_make_new and mp_obj_new_exception_msg_varg try to
   allocate all memory first using functions that don't raise exceptions
   If any of the memory allocations fail (return NULL) then degrade
   gracefully by trying other options for memory allocation, eg using the
   emergency exception buffer.
3. Use a custom printer backend to conservatively format strings: if it
   can't allocate memory then it just truncates the string.

As part of this rewrite, raising an exception without a message, like
KeyError(123), will now use the emergency buffer to store the arg and
traceback data if there is no heap memory available.

Memory use with this patch is unchanged.  Code size is increased by:

   bare-arm:  +136
minimal x86:  +124
   unix x64:   +72
unix nanbox:   +96
      stm32:   +88
    esp8266:   +92
     cc3200:   +80

3 files changed, 20 insertions, 2 deletions

diff --git a/tests/micropython/emg_exc.py b/tests/micropython/emg_exc.py
index d228e6faa..4a9fa18bc 100644
--- a/tests/micropython/emg_exc.py
+++ b/tests/micropython/emg_exc.py
@@ -2,6 +2,11 @@
 
 import micropython
 import sys
+try:
+    import uio
+except ImportError:
+    print("SKIP")
+    raise SystemExit
 
 # some ports need to allocate heap for the emg exc
 try:
@@ -14,7 +19,16 @@ def f():
     try:
         raise ValueError(1)
     except ValueError as er:
-        sys.print_exception(er)
+        exc = er
     micropython.heap_unlock()
 
+    # print the exception
+    buf = uio.StringIO()
+    sys.print_exception(exc, buf)
+    for l in buf.getvalue().split("\n"):
+        if l.startswith("  File "):
+            print(l.split('"')[2])
+        else:
+            print(l)
+
 f()
diff --git a/tests/micropython/emg_exc.py.exp b/tests/micropython/emg_exc.py.exp
index 82b10b5f5..fd2cfb272 100644
--- a/tests/micropython/emg_exc.py.exp
+++ b/tests/micropython/emg_exc.py.exp
@@ -1 +1,4 @@
-ValueError: 
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+, line 20, in f
+ValueError: 1
+
diff --git a/tests/run-tests b/tests/run-tests
index 866a9b7c3..568d99f8e 100755
--- a/tests/run-tests
+++ b/tests/run-tests
@@ -345,6 +345,7 @@ def run_tests(pyb, tests, args, base_path="."):
         skip_tests.add('misc/rge_sm.py') # requires yield
         skip_tests.add('misc/print_exception.py') # because native doesn't have proper traceback info
         skip_tests.add('misc/sys_exc_info.py') # sys.exc_info() is not supported for native
+        skip_tests.add('micropython/emg_exc.py') # because native doesn't have proper traceback info
         skip_tests.add('micropython/heapalloc_traceback.py') # because native doesn't have proper traceback info
         skip_tests.add('micropython/heapalloc_iter.py') # requires generators
         skip_tests.add('micropython/schedule.py') # native code doesn't check pending events