From 05dedace84ef8c93fea5309c3ac55f889011429b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: CVS to git conversion script Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2002 20:29:55 +0000 Subject: This commit was manufactured by cvs2git to create branch 'ecpg_big_bison'. Sprout from master 2002-06-20 20:29:54 UTC Bruce Momjian 'Update copyright to 2002.' 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src/include/storage/buf.h src/include/storage/buf_internals.h src/include/storage/buffile.h src/include/storage/bufmgr.h src/include/storage/bufpage.h src/include/storage/fd.h src/include/storage/freespace.h src/include/storage/ipc.h src/include/storage/item.h src/include/storage/itemid.h src/include/storage/itempos.h src/include/storage/itemptr.h src/include/storage/large_object.h src/include/storage/lmgr.h src/include/storage/lock.h src/include/storage/lwlock.h src/include/storage/off.h src/include/storage/page.h src/include/storage/pg_sema.h src/include/storage/pg_shmem.h src/include/storage/pmsignal.h src/include/storage/pos.h src/include/storage/proc.h src/include/storage/relfilenode.h src/include/storage/s_lock.h src/include/storage/shmem.h src/include/storage/sinval.h src/include/storage/sinvaladt.h src/include/storage/smgr.h src/include/storage/spin.h src/include/strdup.h src/include/tcop/dest.h src/include/tcop/fastpath.h src/include/tcop/pquery.h src/include/tcop/tcopdebug.h src/include/tcop/tcopprot.h src/include/tcop/utility.h src/include/utils/acl.h src/include/utils/array.h src/include/utils/ascii.h src/include/utils/bit.h src/include/utils/builtins.h src/include/utils/cash.h src/include/utils/catcache.h src/include/utils/date.h src/include/utils/datetime.h src/include/utils/datum.h src/include/utils/dynahash.h src/include/utils/dynamic_loader.h src/include/utils/elog.h src/include/utils/exc.h src/include/utils/excid.h src/include/utils/fcache.h src/include/utils/fmgrtab.h src/include/utils/formatting.h src/include/utils/geo_decls.h src/include/utils/guc.h src/include/utils/hsearch.h src/include/utils/inet.h src/include/utils/int8.h src/include/utils/inval.h src/include/utils/logtape.h src/include/utils/lsyscache.h src/include/utils/memutils.h src/include/utils/nabstime.h src/include/utils/numeric.h src/include/utils/palloc.h src/include/utils/pg_crc.h src/include/utils/pg_locale.h src/include/utils/pg_lzcompress.h src/include/utils/portal.h src/include/utils/ps_status.h src/include/utils/rel.h src/include/utils/relcache.h src/include/utils/selfuncs.h src/include/utils/sets.h src/include/utils/syscache.h src/include/utils/timestamp.h src/include/utils/tqual.h src/include/utils/tuplesort.h src/include/utils/tuplestore.h src/include/utils/varbit.h src/interfaces/Makefile src/interfaces/cli/example1.c src/interfaces/cli/example2.c src/interfaces/cli/sqlcli.h src/interfaces/jdbc/CHANGELOG src/interfaces/jdbc/Implementation src/interfaces/jdbc/Makefile src/interfaces/jdbc/README src/interfaces/jdbc/build.xml src/interfaces/jdbc/example/ImageViewer.java src/interfaces/jdbc/example/Unicode.java src/interfaces/jdbc/example/basic.java src/interfaces/jdbc/example/blobtest.java src/interfaces/jdbc/example/corba/StockClient.java src/interfaces/jdbc/example/corba/StockDB.java src/interfaces/jdbc/example/corba/StockDispenserImpl.java src/interfaces/jdbc/example/corba/StockItemImpl.java src/interfaces/jdbc/example/corba/StockServer.java src/interfaces/jdbc/example/corba/readme src/interfaces/jdbc/example/corba/stock.idl src/interfaces/jdbc/example/corba/stock.sql src/interfaces/jdbc/example/datestyle.java src/interfaces/jdbc/example/metadata.java src/interfaces/jdbc/example/psql.java src/interfaces/jdbc/example/threadsafe.java src/interfaces/jdbc/jdbc.jpx src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/Connection.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/Driver.java.in src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/Field.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/PG_Stream.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/PostgresqlDataSource.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/ResultSet.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/Statement.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/core/BytePoolDim1.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/core/BytePoolDim2.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/core/Encoding.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/core/MemoryPool.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/core/ObjectPool.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/core/QueryExecutor.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/core/SimpleObjectPool.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/core/StartupPacket.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/errors.properties src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/errors_de.properties src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/errors_fr.properties src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/errors_it.properties src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/errors_nl.properties src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/errors_zh_TW.properties src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/fastpath/Fastpath.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/fastpath/FastpathArg.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/geometric/PGbox.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/geometric/PGcircle.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/geometric/PGline.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/geometric/PGlseg.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/geometric/PGpath.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/geometric/PGpoint.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/geometric/PGpolygon.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc1/CallableStatement.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc1/Connection.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc1/DatabaseMetaData.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc1/PreparedStatement.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc1/ResultSet.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc1/ResultSetMetaData.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc1/Statement.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc2/Array.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc2/CallableStatement.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc2/Connection.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc2/DatabaseMetaData.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc2/PBatchUpdateException.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc2/PreparedStatement.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc2/ResultSet.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc2/ResultSetMetaData.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc2/Statement.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/jdbc2/UpdateableResultSet.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/largeobject/BlobInputStream.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/largeobject/BlobOutputStream.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/largeobject/LargeObject.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/largeobject/LargeObjectManager.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/largeobject/PGblob.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/largeobject/PGclob.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/test/JDBC2Tests.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/test/README src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/test/jdbc2/ANTTest.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/test/jdbc2/BatchExecuteTest.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/test/jdbc2/BlobTest.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/test/jdbc2/ConnectionTest.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/test/jdbc2/DatabaseMetaDataTest.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/test/jdbc2/DateTest.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/test/jdbc2/DriverTest.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/test/jdbc2/EncodingTest.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/test/jdbc2/JBuilderTest.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/test/jdbc2/MiscTest.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/test/jdbc2/ResultSetTest.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/test/jdbc2/TimeTest.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/test/jdbc2/TimestampTest.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/test/jdbc2/UpdateableResultTest.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/util/MD5Digest.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/util/MessageTranslator.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/util/PGbytea.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/util/PGmoney.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/util/PGobject.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/util/PGtokenizer.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/util/PSQLException.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/util/Serialize.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/util/UnixCrypt.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/xa/ClientConnection.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/xa/TwoPhaseConnection.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/xa/TxConnection.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/xa/XAConnectionImpl.java src/interfaces/jdbc/org/postgresql/xa/XADataSourceImpl.java src/interfaces/jdbc/utils/CheckVersion.java src/interfaces/jdbc/utils/buildDriver src/interfaces/jdbc/utils/changelog.pl src/interfaces/libpgeasy/Makefile src/interfaces/libpgeasy/README src/interfaces/libpgeasy/examples/Makefile src/interfaces/libpgeasy/examples/pginsert.c src/interfaces/libpgeasy/examples/pgmultiresult.c src/interfaces/libpgeasy/examples/pgnulltest.c src/interfaces/libpgeasy/examples/pgwordcount.c src/interfaces/libpgeasy/halt.c src/interfaces/libpgeasy/halt.h src/interfaces/libpgeasy/libpgeasy.c src/interfaces/libpgeasy/libpgeasy.h src/interfaces/libpgtcl/Makefile src/interfaces/libpgtcl/README 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src/interfaces/libpq/ru.po src/interfaces/libpq/sv.po src/interfaces/libpq/win32.c src/interfaces/libpq/win32.h src/interfaces/libpq/win32.mak src/interfaces/libpq/zh_CN.po src/interfaces/libpq/zh_TW.po src/interfaces/libpq++/CHANGES src/interfaces/libpq++/Makefile src/interfaces/libpq++/README src/interfaces/libpq++/TODO src/interfaces/libpq++/examples/Makefile src/interfaces/libpq++/examples/testlibpq0.cc src/interfaces/libpq++/examples/testlibpq1.cc src/interfaces/libpq++/examples/testlibpq2.cc src/interfaces/libpq++/examples/testlibpq2.sql src/interfaces/libpq++/examples/testlibpq3.cc src/interfaces/libpq++/examples/testlibpq3.sql src/interfaces/libpq++/examples/testlibpq4.cc src/interfaces/libpq++/examples/testlibpq4.sql src/interfaces/libpq++/examples/testlibpq5.cc src/interfaces/libpq++/examples/testlibpq5.sql src/interfaces/libpq++/examples/testlibpq6.cc src/interfaces/libpq++/examples/testlo.cc src/interfaces/libpq++/libpq++.h src/interfaces/libpq++/libpq++dll.rc src/interfaces/libpq++/pgconnection.cc src/interfaces/libpq++/pgconnection.h src/interfaces/libpq++/pgcursordb.cc src/interfaces/libpq++/pgcursordb.h src/interfaces/libpq++/pgdatabase.cc src/interfaces/libpq++/pgdatabase.h src/interfaces/libpq++/pglobject.cc src/interfaces/libpq++/pglobject.h src/interfaces/libpq++/pgtransdb.cc src/interfaces/libpq++/pgtransdb.h src/interfaces/libpq++/win32.mak src/interfaces/odbc/GNUmakefile src/interfaces/odbc/bind.c src/interfaces/odbc/bind.h src/interfaces/odbc/columninfo.c src/interfaces/odbc/columninfo.h src/interfaces/odbc/connection.c src/interfaces/odbc/connection.h src/interfaces/odbc/convert.c src/interfaces/odbc/convert.h src/interfaces/odbc/descriptor.h src/interfaces/odbc/dlg_specific.c src/interfaces/odbc/dlg_specific.h src/interfaces/odbc/dlg_wingui.c src/interfaces/odbc/drvconn.c src/interfaces/odbc/environ.c src/interfaces/odbc/environ.h src/interfaces/odbc/execute.c src/interfaces/odbc/gpps.c src/interfaces/odbc/gpps.h src/interfaces/odbc/info.c src/interfaces/odbc/info30.c src/interfaces/odbc/iodbc.h src/interfaces/odbc/isql.h src/interfaces/odbc/isqlext.h src/interfaces/odbc/license.txt src/interfaces/odbc/lobj.c src/interfaces/odbc/lobj.h src/interfaces/odbc/md5.c src/interfaces/odbc/md5.h src/interfaces/odbc/misc.c src/interfaces/odbc/misc.h src/interfaces/odbc/multibyte.c src/interfaces/odbc/multibyte.h src/interfaces/odbc/notice.txt src/interfaces/odbc/odbc.sql src/interfaces/odbc/odbcapi.c src/interfaces/odbc/odbcapi25w.c src/interfaces/odbc/odbcapi30.c src/interfaces/odbc/odbcapi30w.c src/interfaces/odbc/odbcapiw.c src/interfaces/odbc/odbcinst.ini src/interfaces/odbc/options.c src/interfaces/odbc/parse.c src/interfaces/odbc/pgapi30.c src/interfaces/odbc/pgapifunc.h src/interfaces/odbc/pgtypes.c src/interfaces/odbc/pgtypes.h src/interfaces/odbc/psqlodbc.c src/interfaces/odbc/psqlodbc.h src/interfaces/odbc/psqlodbc.rc src/interfaces/odbc/psqlodbc.reg src/interfaces/odbc/psqlodbc30.reg src/interfaces/odbc/psqlodbc30w.reg src/interfaces/odbc/psqlodbc_api30.def src/interfaces/odbc/psqlodbc_api30w.def src/interfaces/odbc/psqlodbc_apiw.def src/interfaces/odbc/psqlodbc_win32.def src/interfaces/odbc/qresult.c src/interfaces/odbc/qresult.h src/interfaces/odbc/readme.txt src/interfaces/odbc/resource.h src/interfaces/odbc/results.c src/interfaces/odbc/setup.c src/interfaces/odbc/setup.rul src/interfaces/odbc/socket.c src/interfaces/odbc/socket.h src/interfaces/odbc/statement.c src/interfaces/odbc/statement.h src/interfaces/odbc/tuple.c src/interfaces/odbc/tuple.h src/interfaces/odbc/tuplelist.c src/interfaces/odbc/tuplelist.h src/interfaces/odbc/version.h src/interfaces/odbc/win32.mak src/interfaces/odbc/win32_30.mak src/interfaces/odbc/win32_30w.mak src/interfaces/odbc/win32w.mak src/interfaces/odbc/win_md5.c src/interfaces/odbc/win_setup.h src/interfaces/odbc/win_unicode.c src/interfaces/perl5/Changes src/interfaces/perl5/GNUmakefile src/interfaces/perl5/MANIFEST src/interfaces/perl5/Makefile.PL src/interfaces/perl5/Pg.pm src/interfaces/perl5/Pg.xs src/interfaces/perl5/README src/interfaces/perl5/examples/ApachePg.pl src/interfaces/perl5/examples/example.newstyle src/interfaces/perl5/examples/example.oldstyle src/interfaces/perl5/ppport.h src/interfaces/perl5/test.pl src/interfaces/perl5/typemap src/interfaces/python/Announce src/interfaces/python/ChangeLog src/interfaces/python/GNUmakefile src/interfaces/python/PyGreSQL.spec src/interfaces/python/README src/interfaces/python/README.linux src/interfaces/python/Setup.in.raw src/interfaces/python/pg.py src/interfaces/python/pgdb.py src/interfaces/python/pgmodule.c src/interfaces/python/setup.py src/interfaces/python/tutorial/advanced.py src/interfaces/python/tutorial/basics.py src/interfaces/python/tutorial/func.py src/interfaces/python/tutorial/syscat.py src/interfaces/ssl/client.conf src/interfaces/ssl/mkcert.sh src/interfaces/ssl/pgkeygen.sh src/interfaces/ssl/root.conf src/interfaces/ssl/server.conf src/makefiles/Makefile.aix src/makefiles/Makefile.beos src/makefiles/Makefile.bsdi src/makefiles/Makefile.darwin src/makefiles/Makefile.dgux src/makefiles/Makefile.freebsd src/makefiles/Makefile.hpux src/makefiles/Makefile.irix5 src/makefiles/Makefile.linux src/makefiles/Makefile.netbsd src/makefiles/Makefile.openbsd src/makefiles/Makefile.osf src/makefiles/Makefile.qnx4 src/makefiles/Makefile.sco src/makefiles/Makefile.solaris src/makefiles/Makefile.sunos4 src/makefiles/Makefile.svr4 src/makefiles/Makefile.ultrix4 src/makefiles/Makefile.univel src/makefiles/Makefile.unixware src/makefiles/Makefile.win src/nls-global.mk src/pl/Makefile src/pl/plperl/GNUmakefile src/pl/plperl/README src/pl/plperl/SPI.xs src/pl/plperl/eloglvl.c src/pl/plperl/eloglvl.h src/pl/plperl/plperl.c src/pl/plperl/ppport.h src/pl/plpgsql/Makefile src/pl/plpgsql/src/.cvsignore src/pl/plpgsql/src/INSTALL src/pl/plpgsql/src/Makefile src/pl/plpgsql/src/gram.y src/pl/plpgsql/src/pl_comp.c 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src/utils/dllinit.c src/utils/getopt.c src/utils/strdup.c src/win32.mak --- doc/src/FAQ/FAQ.html | 1349 -------------------------------------------------- 1 file changed, 1349 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 doc/src/FAQ/FAQ.html (limited to 'doc/src/FAQ/FAQ.html') diff --git a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ.html b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ.html deleted file mode 100644 index 32762e38ea2..00000000000 --- a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1349 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - PostgreSQL FAQ - - - -

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PostgreSQL

- -

Last updated: Tue Jun 11 06:36:10 EDT 2002

- -

Current maintainer: Bruce Momjian (pgman@candle.pha.pa.us)
-

- -

The most recent version of this document can be viewed at http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-english.html.

- -

Platform-specific questions are answered at http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/docs/faq.html.

-
- -

General Questions

- 1.1) What is PostgreSQL? How is it - pronounced?
- 1.2) What is the copyright on PostgreSQL?
- 1.3) What Unix platforms does PostgreSQL run - on?
- 1.4) What non-Unix ports are available?
- 1.5) Where can I get PostgreSQL?
- 1.6) Where can I get support?
- 1.7) What is the latest release?
- 1.8) What documentation is available?
- 1.9) How do I find out about known bugs or - missing features?
- 1.10) How can I learn SQL?
- 1.11) Is PostgreSQL Y2K compliant?
- 1.12) How do I join the development team?
- 1.13) How do I submit a bug report?
- 1.14) How does PostgreSQL compare to other - DBMSs?
- 1.15) How can I financially assist - PostgreSQL?
- - -

User Client Questions

- 2.1) Are there ODBC drivers for - PostgreSQL?
- 2.2) What tools are available for using - PostgreSQL with Web pages?
- 2.3) Does PostgreSQL have a graphical user - interface? A report generator? An embedded query language - interface?
- 2.4) What languages are available to - communicate with PostgreSQL?
- - -

Administrative Questions

- 3.1) How do I install PostgreSQL somewhere other - than /usr/local/pgsql?
- 3.2) When I start postmaster, I get a - Bad System Call or core dumped message. Why?
- 3.3) When I try to start postmaster, I - get IpcMemoryCreate errors. Why?
- 3.4) When I try to start postmaster, I - get IpcSemaphoreCreate errors. Why?
- 3.5) How do I control connections from other - hosts?
- 3.6) How do I tune the database engine for - better performance?
- 3.7) What debugging features are available?
- 3.8) Why do I get "Sorry, too many - clients" when trying to connect?
- 3.9) What are the pg_sorttempNNN.NN - files in my database directory?
- - -

Operational Questions

- 4.1) What is the difference between binary - cursors and normal cursors?
- 4.2) How do I SELECT only the - first few rows of a query?
- 4.3) How do I get a list of tables or other - things I can see in psql?
- 4.4) How do you remove a column from a - table?
- 4.5) What is the maximum size for a row, a - table, and a database?
- 4.6) How much database disk space is required - to store data from a typical text file?
- 4.7) How do I find out what tables, indexes, - databases, and users are defined?
- 4.8) My queries are slow or don't make use of - the indexes. Why?
- 4.9) How do I see how the query optimizer is - evaluating my query?
- 4.10) What is an R-tree index?
- 4.11) What is the Genetic Query Optimizer?
- 4.12) How do I perform regular expression - searches and case-insensitive regular expression searches? How do I - use an index for case-insensitive searches?
- 4.13) In a query, how do I detect if a field - is NULL?
- 4.14) What is the difference between the - various character types?
- 4.15.1) How do I create a - serial/auto-incrementing field?
- 4.15.2) How do I get the value of a - SERIAL insert?
- 4.15.3) Don't currval() and - nextval() lead to a race condition with other users?
- 4.15.4) Why aren't my sequence numbers - reused on transaction abort? Why are there gaps in the numbering of - my sequence/SERIAL column?
- 4.16) What is an OID? What is a - TID?
- 4.17) What is the meaning of some of the terms - used in PostgreSQL?
- 4.18) Why do I get the error "ERROR: Memory - exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()"?
- 4.19) How do I tell what PostgreSQL version I - am running?
- 4.20) Why does my large-object operations get - "invalid large obj descriptor"?
- 4.21) How do I create a column that will - default to the current time?
- 4.22) Why are my subqueries using - IN so slow?
- 4.23) How do I perform an outer join?
- 4.24) How do I perform queries using multiple - databases?
- 4.25) How do I return multiple rows or columns - from a function?
- 4.26) Why can't I reliably create/drop - temporary tables in PL/PgSQL functions?
- - -

Extending PostgreSQL

- 5.1) I wrote a user-defined function. When I run - it in psql, why does it dump core?
- 5.2) How can I contribute some nifty new types - and functions to PostgreSQL?
- 5.3) How do I write a C function to return a - tuple?
- 5.4) I have changed a source file. Why does the - recompile not see the change?
- -
- -

General Questions

- -

1.1) What is PostgreSQL?

- -

PostgreSQL is pronounced Post-Gres-Q-L.

- -

PostgreSQL is an enhancement of the POSTGRES database management - system, a next-generation DBMS research prototype. - While PostgreSQL retains the powerful data model and rich data - types of POSTGRES, it replaces the PostQuel query language with an - extended subset of SQL. PostgreSQL is free and the - complete source is available.

- -

PostgreSQL development is performed by a team of Internet - developers who all subscribe to the PostgreSQL development mailing - list. The current coordinator is Marc G. Fournier (scrappy@PostgreSQL.org). (See - below on how to join). This team is now responsible for all - development of PostgreSQL.

- -

The authors of PostgreSQL 1.01 were Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen. - Many others have contributed to the porting, testing, debugging, - and enhancement of the code. The original Postgres code, from which - PostgreSQL is derived, was the effort of many graduate students, - undergraduate students, and staff programmers working under the - direction of Professor Michael Stonebraker at the University of - California, Berkeley.

- -

The original name of the software at Berkeley was Postgres. When - SQL functionality was added in 1995, its name was - changed to Postgres95. The name was changed at the end of 1996 to - PostgreSQL.

- -

1.2) What is the copyright on - PostgreSQL?

- -

PostgreSQL is subject to the following COPYRIGHT:

- -

PostgreSQL Data Base Management System

- -

Portions copyright (c) 1996-2002, PostgreSQL Global Development - Group Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of - California

- -

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software - and its documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a - written agreement is hereby granted, provided that the above - copyright notice and this paragraph and the following two - paragraphs appear in all copies.

- -

IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY - PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL - DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS - SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF - CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

- -

THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY - WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES - OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE - SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE - UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, - SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.

- -

The above is the BSD license, the classic open-source license. - It has no restrictions on how the source code may be used. We like - it and have no intention of changing it.

- -

1.3) What Unix platforms does PostgreSQL run - on?

- -

In general, a modern Unix-compatible platform should be able to - run PostgreSQL. The platforms that had received explicit testing at - the time of release are listed in the installation - instructions.

- -

1.4) What non-Unix ports are available?

- -

Client

- -

It is possible to compile the libpq C library, psql, and - other interfaces and binaries to run on MS Windows platforms. In - this case, the client is running on MS Windows, and communicates - via TCP/IP to a server running on one of our supported Unix - platforms. A file win31.mak is included in the distribution - for making a Win32 libpq library and psql. PostgreSQL - also communicates with ODBC clients.

- -

Server

- -

The database server can run on Windows NT and Win2k using - Cygwin, the Cygnus Unix/NT porting library. See - pgsql/doc/FAQ_MSWIN in the distribution or the MS Windows FAQ - on our web site. We have no plan to do a native port to any - Microsoft platform.

- -

1.5) Where can I get PostgreSQL?

- -

The primary anonymous ftp site for PostgreSQL is ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub. - For mirror sites, see our main web site.

- -

1.6) Where can I get support?

- -

The main mailing list is: pgsql-general@PostgreSQL.org. - It is available for discussion of matters pertaining to PostgreSQL. - To subscribe, send mail with the following lines in the body (not - the subject line):

-
-    subscribe
-    end
-
- -

to pgsql-general-request@PostgreSQL.org.

- -

There is also a digest list available. To subscribe to this - list, send email to: pgsql-general-digest-request@PostgreSQL.org - with a body of:

-
-    subscribe
-    end
-
- Digests are sent out to members of this list whenever the main list - has received around 30k of messages. - -

The bugs mailing list is available. To subscribe to this list, - send email to pgsql-bugs-request@PostgreSQL.org - with a body of:

-
-    subscribe
-    end
-
- There is also a developers discussion mailing list available. To - subscribe to this list, send email to pgsql-hackers-request@PostgreSQL.org - with a body of: -
-    subscribe
-    end
-
- -

Additional mailing lists and information about PostgreSQL can be - found via the PostgreSQL WWW home page at:

- -
- http://www.PostgreSQL.org -
- -

There is also an IRC channel on EFNet, channel - #PostgreSQL. I use the Unix command irc -c - '#PostgreSQL' "$USER" irc.phoenix.net.

- -

A list of commercial support companies is available at http://www.postgresql.org/users-lounge/commercial-support.html.

- -

1.7) What is the latest release?

- -

The latest release of PostgreSQL is version 7.2.1.

- -

We plan to have major releases every four months.

- -

1.8) What documentation is available?

- -

Several manuals, manual pages, and some small test examples are - included in the distribution. See the /doc directory. You - can also browse the manual online at http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/docs/.

- -

There are two PostgreSQL books available online at http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html - and http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/. - There is a list of PostgreSQL books available for purchase at http://www.postgresql.org/books/. - There is also a collection of PostgreSQL technical articles at http://techdocs.postgresql.org/.

- -

psql has some nice \d commands to show information about - types, operators, functions, aggregates, etc.

- -

Our web site contains even more documentation.

- -

1.9) How do I find out about known bugs or - missing features?

- -

PostgreSQL supports an extended subset of SQL-92. - See our TODO - list for known bugs, missing features, and future plans.

- -

1.10) How can I learn - SQL?

- -

The PostgreSQL book at http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html - teaches SQL. There is another PostgreSQL book at http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook. - There is a nice tutorial at http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm, - at - http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM, - and at http://sqlcourse.com.

- -

Another one is "Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days, Second Edition" - at http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm

- -

Many of our users like The Practical SQL Handbook, - Bowman, Judith S., et al., Addison-Wesley. Others like The - Complete Reference SQL, Groff et al., McGraw-Hill.

- -

1.11) Is PostgreSQL Y2K compliant?

- -

Yes, we easily handle dates past the year 2000 AD, and before - 2000 BC.

- -

1.12) How do I join the development - team?

- -

First, download the latest source and read the PostgreSQL - Developers documentation on our web site, or in the distribution. - Second, subscribe to the pgsql-hackers and - pgsql-patches mailing lists. Third, submit high quality - patches to pgsql-patches.

- -

There are about a dozen people who have commit privileges to the - PostgreSQL CVS archive. They each have submitted so - many high-quality patches that it was impossible for the existing - committers to keep up, and we had confidence that patches they - committed were of high quality.

- -

1.13) How do I submit a bug report?

- -

Please visit the PostgreSQL BugTool - page, which gives guidelines and directions on how to submit a - bug.

- -

Also check out our ftp site ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub to - see if there is a more recent PostgreSQL version or patches.

- -

1.14) How does PostgreSQL compare to other - DBMSs?

- -

There are several ways of measuring software: features, - performance, reliability, support, and price.

- -
-
Features
- -
PostgreSQL has most features present in large commercial - DBMSs, like transactions, subselects, triggers, - views, foreign key referential integrity, and sophisticated - locking. We have some features they do not have, like - user-defined types, inheritance, rules, and multi-version - concurrency control to reduce lock contention.
-
-
- -
Performance
- -
PostgreSQL has performance similar to other commercial and - open source databases. it is faster for some things, slower for - others. In comparison to MySQL or leaner database systems, we are - slower on inserts/updates because of transaction overhead. Of - course, MySQL does not have any of the features mentioned in the - Features section above. We are built for reliability and - features, though we continue to improve performance in every - release. There is an interesting Web page comparing PostgreSQL to - MySQL at - - http://openacs.org/why-not-mysql.html
- -
-
- -
Reliability
- -
We realize that a DBMS must be reliable, or it - is worthless. We strive to release well-tested, stable code that - has a minimum of bugs. Each release has at least one month of - beta testing, and our release history shows that we can provide - stable, solid releases that are ready for production use. We - believe we compare favorably to other database software in this - area.
-
-
- -
Support
- -
Our mailing list provides a large group of developers and - users to help resolve any problems encountered. While we can not - guarantee a fix, commercial DBMSs do not always - supply a fix either. Direct access to developers, the user - community, manuals, and the source code often make PostgreSQL - support superior to other DBMSs. There is - commercial per-incident support available for those who need it. - (See support FAQ item.)
-
-
- -
Price
- -
We are free for all use, both commercial and non-commercial. - You can add our code to your product with no limitations, except - those outlined in our BSD-style license stated above.
-
-
-
- -

1.15) How can I financially assist - PostgreSQL?

- -

PostgreSQL has had a first-class infrastructure since we started - six years ago. This is all thanks to Marc Fournier, who has created - and managed this infrastructure over the years.

- -

Quality infrastructure is very important to an open-source - project. It prevents disruptions that can greatly delay forward - movement of the project.

- -

Of course, this infrastructure is not cheap. There are a variety - of monthly and one-time expenses that are required to keep it - going. If you or your company has money it can donate to help fund - this effort, please go to http://www.pgsql.com/pg_goodies - and make a donation.

- -

Although the web page mentions PostgreSQL, Inc, the - "contributions" item is solely to support the PostgreSQL project - and does not fund any specific company. If you prefer, you can also - send a check to the contact address.

-
- -

User Client Questions

- -

2.1) Are there ODBC drivers - for PostgreSQL?

- -

There are two ODBC drivers available, PsqlODBC - and OpenLink ODBC.

- -

PsqlODBC is included in the distribution. More information about - it can be gotten from ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/odbc/.

- -

OpenLink ODBC can be gotten from http://www.openlinksw.com. It - works with their standard ODBC client software so - you'll have PostgreSQL ODBC available on every - client platform they support (Win, Mac, Unix, VMS).

- -

They will probably be selling this product to people who need - commercial-quality support, but a freeware version will always be - available. Please send questions to postgres95@openlink.co.uk.

- -

See also the ODBC - chapter of the Programmer's Guide.

- -

2.2) What tools are available for using - PostgreSQL with Web pages?

- -

A nice introduction to Database-backed Web pages can be seen at: - http://www.webreview.com

- -

There is also one at http://www.phone.net/home/mwm/hotlist/.

- -

For Web integration, PHP is an excellent interface. It is at http://www.php.net.

- -

For complex cases, many use the Perl interface and CGI.pm.

- -

2.3) Does PostgreSQL have a graphical user - interface? A report generator? An embedded query language - interface?

- -

We have a nice graphical user interface called pgaccess, - which is shipped as part of the distribution. pgaccess also - has a report generator. The Web page is http://www.flex.ro/pgaccess

- -

We also include ecpg, which is an embedded SQL query - language interface for C.

- -

2.4) What languages are available to - communicate with PostgreSQL?

- -

We have:

- - -
- -

Administrative Questions

- -

3.1) How do I install PostgreSQL somewhere - other than /usr/local/pgsql?

- -

Specify the --prefix option when running - configure.

- -

3.2) When I start postmaster, I get a - Bad System Call or core dumped message. Why?

- -

It could be a variety of problems, but first check to see that - you have System V extensions installed in your kernel. PostgreSQL - requires kernel support for shared memory and semaphores.

- -

3.3) When I try to start postmaster, I - get IpcMemoryCreate errors. Why?

- -

You either do not have shared memory configured properly in your - kernel or you need to enlarge the shared memory available in the - kernel. The exact amount you need depends on your architecture and - how many buffers and backend processes you configure for - postmaster. For most systems, with default numbers of - buffers and processes, you need a minimum of ~1 MB. See the PostgreSQL - Administrator's Guide for more detailed information about - shared memory and semaphores.

- -

3.4) When I try to start postmaster, I - get IpcSemaphoreCreate errors. Why?

- -

If the error message is IpcSemaphoreCreate: semget failed (No - space left on device) then your kernel is not configured with - enough semaphores. Postgres needs one semaphore per potential - backend process. A temporary solution is to start postmaster - with a smaller limit on the number of backend processes. Use - -N with a parameter less than the default of 32. A more - permanent solution is to increase your kernel's - SEMMNS and SEMMNI parameters.

- -

Inoperative semaphores can also cause crashes during heavy - database access.

- -

If the error message is something else, you might not have - semaphore support configured in your kernel at all. See the - PostgreSQL Administrator's Guide for more detailed information - about shared memory and semaphores.

- -

3.5) How do I control connections from other - hosts?

- -

By default, PostgreSQL only allows connections from the local - machine using Unix domain sockets. Other machines will not be able - to connect unless you add the -i flag to postmaster, - and enable host-based authentication by modifying the file - $PGDATA/pg_hba.conf accordingly. This will allow TCP/IP - connections.

- -

3.6) How do I tune the database engine for - better performance?

- -

Certainly, indexes can speed up queries. The - EXPLAIN command allows you to see how PostgreSQL is - interpreting your query, and which indexes are being used.

- -

If you are doing many INSERTs, consider doing - them in a large batch using the COPY command. This - is much faster than individual INSERTS. Second, - statements not in a BEGIN WORK/COMMIT transaction - block are considered to be in their own transaction. Consider - performing several statements in a single transaction block. This - reduces the transaction overhead. Also, consider dropping and - recreating indexes when making large data changes.

- -

There are several tuning options. You can disable fsync() - by starting postmaster with a -o -F option. This will - prevent fsync()s from flushing to disk after every - transaction.

- -

You can also use the postmaster -B option to - increase the number of shared memory buffers used by the backend - processes. If you make this parameter too high, the - postmaster may not start because you have exceeded your - kernel's limit on shared memory space. Each buffer is 8K and the - default is 64 buffers.

- -

You can also use the backend -S option to increase the - maximum amount of memory used by the backend process for temporary - sorts. The -S value is measured in kilobytes, and the - default is 512 (i.e. 512K).

- -

You can also use the CLUSTER command to group - data in tables to match an index. See the CLUSTER - manual page for more details.

- -

3.7) What debugging features are - available?

- -

PostgreSQL has several features that report status information - that can be valuable for debugging purposes.

- -

First, by running configure with the --enable-cassert - option, many assert()s monitor the progress of the backend - and halt the program when something unexpected occurs.

- -

Both postmaster and postgres have several debug - options available. First, whenever you start postmaster, - make sure you send the standard output and error to a log file, - like:

-
-    cd /usr/local/pgsql
-    ./bin/postmaster >server.log 2>&1 &
-
- -

This will put a server.log file in the top-level PostgreSQL - directory. This file contains useful information about problems or - errors encountered by the server. Postmaster has a -d - option that allows even more detailed information to be reported. - The -d option takes a number that specifies the debug level. - Be warned that high debug level values generate large log - files.

- -

If postmaster is not running, you can actually run the - postgres backend from the command line, and type your - SQL statement directly. This is recommended - only for debugging purposes. Note that a newline terminates - the query, not a semicolon. If you have compiled with debugging - symbols, you can use a debugger to see what is happening. Because - the backend was not started from postmaster, it is not - running in an identical environment and locking/backend interaction - problems may not be duplicated.

- -

If postmaster is running, start psql in one - window, then find the PID of the postgres - process used by psql. Use a debugger to attach to the - postgres PID. You can set breakpoints in the - debugger and issue queries from psql. If you are debugging - postgres startup, you can set PGOPTIONS="-W n", then start - psql. This will cause startup to delay for n seconds - so you can attach to the process with the debugger, set any - breakpoints, and continue through the startup sequence.

- -

The postgres program has -s, -A, and -t - options that can be very useful for debugging and performance - measurements.

- -

You can also compile with profiling to see what functions are - taking execution time. The backend profile files will be deposited - in the pgsql/data/base/dbname directory. The client profile - file will be put in the client's current directory. Linux requires - a compile with -DLINUX_PROFILE for proper profiling.

- -

3.8) Why do I get "Sorry, too many - clients" when trying to connect?

- -

You need to increase postmaster's limit on how many - concurrent backend processes it can start.

- -

The default limit is 32 processes. You can increase it by - restarting postmaster with a suitable -N value or - modifying postgresql.conf.

- -

Note that if you make -N larger than 32, you must also - increase -B beyond its default of 64; -B must be at - least twice -N, and probably should be more than that for - best performance. For large numbers of backend processes, you are - also likely to find that you need to increase various Unix kernel - configuration parameters. Things to check include the maximum size - of shared memory blocks, SHMMAX; the maximum number - of semaphores, SEMMNS and SEMMNI; the - maximum number of processes, NPROC; the maximum - number of processes per user, MAXUPRC; and the - maximum number of open files, NFILE and - NINODE. The reason that PostgreSQL has a limit on - the number of allowed backend processes is so your system won't run - out of resources.

- -

In PostgreSQL versions prior to 6.5, the maximum number of - backends was 64, and changing it required a rebuild after altering - the MaxBackendId constant in - include/storage/sinvaladt.h.

- -

3.9) What are the pg_sorttempNNN.NN - files in my database directory?

- -

They are temporary files generated by the query executor. For - example, if a sort needs to be done to satisfy an ORDER - BY, and the sort requires more space than the backend's - -S parameter allows, then temporary files are created to - hold the extra data.

- -

The temporary files should be deleted automatically, but might - not if a backend crashes during a sort. If you have no backends - running at the time, it is safe to delete the pg_tempNNN.NN - files.

-
- -

Operational Questions

- -

4.1) What is the difference between binary - cursors and normal cursors?

- -

See the DECLARE manual page for a - description.

- -

4.2) How do I SELECT only the - first few rows of a query?

- -

See the FETCH manual page, or use - SELECT ... LIMIT....

- -

The entire query may have to be evaluated, even if you only want - the first few rows. Consider a query that has an ORDER - BY. If there is an index that matches the ORDER - BY, PostgreSQL may be able to evaluate only the first few - records requested, or the entire query may have to be evaluated - until the desired rows have been generated.

- -

4.3) How do I get a list of tables or other - things I can see in psql?

- -

You can read the source code for psql in file - pgsql/src/bin/psql/describe.c. It contains - SQL commands that generate the output for psql's - backslash commands. You can also start psql with the - -E option so it will print out the queries it uses to - execute the commands you give.

- -

4.4) How do you remove a column from a - table?

- -

We do not support ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN, but do - this:

-
-    BEGIN;
-    LOCK TABLE old_table;
-    SELECT ...  -- select all columns but the one you want to remove
-    INTO TABLE new_table
-    FROM old_table;
-    DROP TABLE old_table;
-    ALTER TABLE new_table RENAME TO old_table;
-    COMMIT;
-
- -

4.5) What is the maximum size for a row, a - table, and a database?

- -

These are the limits:

-
-    Maximum size for a database?             unlimited (500 GB databases exist)
-    Maximum size for a table?                16 TB
-    Maximum size for a row?                  unlimited in 7.1 and later
-    Maximum size for a field?                1 GB in 7.1 and later
-    Maximum number of rows in a table?       unlimited
-    Maximum number of columns in a table?    250-1600 depending on column types
-    Maximum number of indexes on a table?    unlimited
-
- Of course, these are not actually unlimited, but limited to - available disk space and memory/swap space. Performance may suffer - when these values get unusually large. - -

The maximum table size of 16 TB does not require large file - support from the operating system. Large tables are stored as - multiple 1 GB files so file system size limits are not - important.

- -

The maximum table size and maximum number of columns can be - increased if the default block size is increased to 32k.

- -

4.6) How much database disk space is required - to store data from a typical text file?

- -

A PostgreSQL database may require up to five times the disk - space to store data from a text file.

- -

As an example, consider a file of 100,000 lines with an integer - and text description on each line. Suppose the text string - avergages twenty bytes in length. The flat file would be 2.8 MB. - The size of the PostgreSQL database file containing this data can - be estimated as 6.4 MB:

-
-    36 bytes: each row header (approximate)
-    24 bytes: one int field and one text filed
-   + 4 bytes: pointer on page to tuple
-   ----------------------------------------
-    64 bytes per row
-
-   The data page size in PostgreSQL is 8192 bytes (8 KB), so:
-
-   8192 bytes per page
-   -------------------   =  128 rows per database page (rounded down)
-     64 bytes per row
-
-   100000 data rows
-   --------------------  =  782 database pages (rounded up)
-      128 rows per page
-
-782 database pages * 8192 bytes per page  =  6,406,144 bytes (6.4 MB)
-
- -

Indexes do not require as much overhead, but do contain the data - that is being indexed, so they can be large also.

- -

4.7) How do I find out what tables, indexes, - databases, and users are defined?

- -

psql has a variety of backslash commands to show such - information. Use \? to see them. There are also system tables - beginning with pg_ that describe these too. Also, psql - -l will list all databases.

- -

Also try the file pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source. It - illustrates many of the SELECTs needed to get - information from the database system tables.

- -

4.8) My queries are slow or don't make use of - the indexes. Why?

- Indexes are not automatically used by every query. Indexes are only - used if the table is larger than a minimum size, and the query - selects only a small percentage of the rows in the table. This is - because the random disk access caused by an index scan is sometimes - slower than a straight read through the table, or sequential scan. - -

To determine if an index should be used, PostgreSQL must have - statistics about the table. These statistics are collected using - VACUUM ANALYZE, or simply ANALYZE. - Using statistics, the optimizer knows how many rows are in the - table, and can better determine if indexes should be used. - Statistics are also valuable in determining optimal join order and - join methods. Statistics collection should be performed - periodically as the contents of the table change.

- -

Indexes are normally not used for ORDER BY or to - perform joins. A sequential scan followed by an explicit sort is - usually faster than an index scan of a large table.

- However, LIMIT combined with ORDER BY - often will use an index because only a small portion of the table - is returned. - -

When using wild-card operators such as LIKE or - ~, indexes can only be used if the beginning of the search - is anchored to the start of the string. Therefore, to use indexes, - LIKE patterns must not start with %, and - ~(regular expression) patterns must start with ^.

- -

4.9) How do I see how the query optimizer is - evaluating my query?

- -

See the EXPLAIN manual page.

- -

4.10) What is an R-tree index?

- -

An R-tree index is used for indexing spatial data. A hash index - can't handle range searches. A B-tree index only handles range - searches in a single dimension. R-trees can handle - multi-dimensional data. For example, if an R-tree index can be - built on an attribute of type point, the system can more - efficiently answer queries such as "select all points within a - bounding rectangle."

- -

The canonical paper that describes the original R-tree design - is:

- -

Guttman, A. "R-trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial - Searching." Proceedings of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt - of Data, 45-57.

- -

You can also find this paper in Stonebraker's "Readings in - Database Systems".

- -

Built-in R-trees can handle polygons and boxes. In theory, - R-trees can be extended to handle higher number of dimensions. In - practice, extending R-trees requires a bit of work and we don't - currently have any documentation on how to do it.

- -

4.11) What is the Genetic Query - Optimizer?

- -

The GEQO module speeds query optimization when - joining many tables by means of a Genetic Algorithm (GA). It allows - the handling of large join queries through nonexhaustive - search.

- -

4.12) How do I perform regular expression - searches and case-insensitive regular expression searches? How do I - use an index for case-insensitive searches?

- -

The ~ operator does regular expression matching, and - ~* does case-insensitive regular expression matching. The - case-insensitive variant of LIKE is called - ILIKE in PostgreSQL 7.1 and later.

- -

Case-insensitive equality comparisons are normally expressed - as:

-
-    SELECT *
-    FROM tab
-    WHERE lower(col) = 'abc'
-   
-
- This will not use an standard index. However, if you create a - functional index, it will be used: -
-    CREATE INDEX tabindex on tab (lower(col));
-   
-
- -

4.13) In a query, how do I detect if a field - is NULL?

- -

You test the column with IS NULL and IS - NOT NULL.

- -

4.14) What is the difference between the - various character types?

-
-Type            Internal Name   Notes
---------------------------------------------------
-"char"          char            1 character
-CHAR(#)         bpchar          blank padded to the specified fixed length
-VARCHAR(#)      varchar         size specifies maximum length, no padding
-TEXT            text            no specific upper limit on length
-BYTEA           bytea           variable-length byte array (null-byte safe)
-
- -

You will see the internal name when examining system catalogs - and in some error messages.

- -

The last four types above are "varlena" types (i.e., the first - four bytes on disk are the length, followed by the data). Thus the - actual space used is slightly greater than the declared size. - However, these data types are also subject to compression or being - stored out-of-line by TOAST, so the space on disk - might also be less than expected.

- -

CHAR() is best when storing strings that are - usually the same length. VARCHAR() is best when - storing variable-length strings but it limits how long a string can - be. TEXT is for strings of unlimited length, maximum - 1 gigabyte. BYTEA is for storing binary data, - particularly values that include NULL bytes.

- -

4.15.1) How do I create a - serial/auto-incrementing field?

- -

PostgreSQL supports a SERIAL data type. It - auto-creates a sequence and index on the column. For example, - this:

-
-    CREATE TABLE person ( 
-        id   SERIAL, 
-        name TEXT 
-    );
-
- is automatically translated into this: -
-    CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;
-    CREATE TABLE person ( 
-        id   INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),
-        name TEXT 
-    );
-    CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id );
-
- See the create_sequence manual page for more information - about sequences. You can also use each row's OID field as a - unique value. However, if you need to dump and reload the database, - you need to use pg_dump's -o option or COPY - WITH OIDS option to preserve the OIDs. - -

4.15.2) How do I get the value of a - SERIAL insert?

- -

One approach is to retrieve the next SERIAL value - from the sequence object with the nextval() function - before inserting and then insert it explicitly. Using the - example table in 4.15.1, that might look like - this in Perl:

-
-    new_id = output of "SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')"
-    INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal');
-
- You would then also have the new value stored in - new_id for use in other queries (e.g., as a foreign - key to the person table). Note that the name of the - automatically created SEQUENCE object will be named - <table>_<serialcolumn>_seq, where - table and serialcolumn are the names of your table - and your SERIAL column, respectively. - -

Alternatively, you could retrieve the assigned - SERIAL value with the currval() function - after it was inserted by default, e.g.,

-
-    INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal');
-    new_id = output of "SELECT currval('person_id_seq')";
-
- Finally, you could use the OID - returned from the INSERT statement to look up the - default value, though this is probably the least portable approach. - In Perl, using DBI with Edmund Mergl's DBD::Pg module, the oid - value is made available via $sth->{pg_oid_status} after - $sth->execute(). - -

4.15.3) Don't currval() and - nextval() lead to a race condition with other users?

- -

No. Currval() returns the current value assigned by your - backend, not by all users.

- -

4.15.4) Why aren't my sequence numbers - reused on transaction abort? Why are there gaps in the numbering of - my sequence/SERIAL column?

- -

To improve concurrency, sequence values are given out to running - transactions as needed and are not locked until the transaction - completes. This causes gaps in numbering from aborted - transactions.

- -

4.16) What is an OID? What is - a TID?

- -

OIDs are PostgreSQL's answer to unique row ids. - Every row that is created in PostgreSQL gets a unique - OID. All OIDs generated during - initdb are less than 16384 (from - backend/access/transam.h). All user-created - OIDs are equal to or greater than this. By default, - all these OIDs are unique not only within a table or - database, but unique within the entire PostgreSQL installation.

- -

PostgreSQL uses OIDs in its internal system - tables to link rows between tables. These OIDs can - be used to identify specific user rows and used in joins. It is - recommended you use column type OID to store - OID values. You can create an index on the - OID field for faster access.

- -

OIDs are assigned to all new rows from a central - area that is used by all databases. If you want to change the - OID to something else, or if you want to make a copy - of the table, with the original OIDs, there is no - reason you can't do it:

-
-        CREATE TABLE new_table(old_oid oid, mycol int);
-        SELECT old_oid, mycol INTO new FROM old;
-        COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable';
-        DELETE FROM new;
-        COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable';
-
-
- -

OIDs are stored as 4-byte integers, and will - overflow at 4 billion. No one has reported this ever happening, and - we plan to have the limit removed before anyone does.

- -

TIDs are used to identify specific physical rows - with block and offset values. TIDs change after rows - are modified or reloaded. They are used by index entries to point - to physical rows.

- -

4.17) What is the meaning of some of the - terms used in PostgreSQL?

- -

Some of the source code and older documentation use terms that - have more common usage. Here are some:

- - - -

A list of general database terms can be found at: http://www.comptechnews.com/~reaster/dbdesign.html

- -

4.18) Why do I get the error "ERROR: - Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()"?

- -

If you are running a version older than 7.1, an upgrade may fix - the problem. Also it is possible you have run out of virtual memory - on your system, or your kernel has a low limit for certain - resources. Try this before starting postmaster:

-
-    ulimit -d 262144
-    limit datasize 256m
-
- Depending on your shell, only one of these may succeed, but it will - set your process data segment limit much higher and perhaps allow - the query to complete. This command applies to the current process, - and all subprocesses created after the command is run. If you are - having a problem with the SQL client because the - backend is returning too much data, try it before starting the - client. - -

4.19) How do I tell what PostgreSQL version - I am running?

- -

From psql, type select version();

- -

4.20) Why does my large-object operations - get "invalid large obj descriptor"?

- -

You need to put BEGIN WORK and COMMIT - around any use of a large object handle, that is, surrounding - lo_open ... lo_close.

- -

Currently PostgreSQL enforces the rule by closing large object - handles at transaction commit. So the first attempt to do anything - with the handle will draw invalid large obj descriptor. So - code that used to work (at least most of the time) will now - generate that error message if you fail to use a transaction.

- -

If you are using a client interface like ODBC you - may need to set auto-commit off.

- -

4.21) How do I create a column that will - default to the current time?

- -

Use CURRENT_TIMESTAMP:

-
-CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime timestamp DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
-
-
- -

4.22) Why are my subqueries using - IN so slow?

- -

Currently, we join subqueries to outer queries by sequentially - scanning the result of the subquery for each row of the outer - query. A workaround is to replace IN with - EXISTS:

-
-SELECT *
-    FROM tab
-    WHERE col1 IN (SELECT col2 FROM TAB2)
-
-
- to: -
-SELECT *
-    FROM tab
-    WHERE EXISTS (SELECT col2 FROM TAB2 WHERE col1 = col2)
-
-
- We hope to fix this limitation in a future release. - -

4.23) How do I perform an outer join?

- -

PostgreSQL 7.1 and later supports outer joins using the SQL - standard syntax. Here are two examples:

-
-    SELECT *
-    FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);
-
- or -
-    SELECT *
-    FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);
-
- -

These identical queries join t1.col to t2.col, and also return - any unjoined rows in t1 (those with no match in t2). A - RIGHT join would add unjoined rows of t2. A - FULL join would return the matched rows plus all - unjoined rows from t1 and t2. The word OUTER is - optional and is assumed in LEFT, - RIGHT, and FULL joins. Ordinary joins - are called INNER joins.

- -

In previous releases, outer joins can be simulated using - UNION and NOT IN. For example, when - joining tab1 and tab2, the following query does an - outer join of the two tables:
-
-

-
-    SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2
-    FROM tab1, tab2
-    WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1
-    UNION ALL
-    SELECT tab1.col1, NULL
-    FROM tab1
-    WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2)
-    ORDER BY col1
-
- -

4.24) How do I perform queries using - multiple databases?

- -

There is no way to query any database except the current one. - Because PostgreSQL loads database-specific system catalogs, it is - uncertain how a cross-database query should even behave.

- -

Of course, a client can make simultaneous connections to - different databases and merge the information that way.

- -

4.25) How do I return multiple rows or - columns from a function?

- -

You can return result sets from PL/pgSQL functions using - refcursors. See - http://developer.postgresql.org/docs/postgres/plpgsql-cursors.html, - section 23.7.3.3.

- -

4.26) Why can't I reliably create/drop - temporary tables in PL/PgSQL functions?

- PL/PgSQL caches function contents, and an unfortunate side effect - is that if a PL/PgSQL function accesses a temporary table, and that - table is later dropped and recreated, and the function called - again, the function will fail because the cached function contents - still point to the old temporary table. The solution is to use - EXECUTE for temporary table access in PL/PgSQL. This - will cause the query to be reparsed every time. - -
- -

Extending PostgreSQL

- -

5.1) I wrote a user-defined function. When I - run it in psql, why does it dump core?

- -

The problem could be a number of things. Try testing your - user-defined function in a stand-alone test program first.

- -

5.2) How can I contribute some nifty new - types and functions to PostgreSQL?

- -

Send your extensions to the pgsql-hackers mailing list, - and they will eventually end up in the contrib/ - subdirectory.

- -

5.3) How do I write a C function to return a - tuple?

- -

This requires wizardry so extreme that the authors have never - tried it, though in principle it can be done.

- -

5.4) I have changed a source file. Why does - the recompile not see the change?

- -

The Makefiles do not have the proper dependencies for - include files. You have to do a make clean and then another - make. If you are using GCC you can use the - --enable-depend option of configure to have the - compiler compute the dependencies automatically.

- - - -- cgit v1.2.3