bundle-uri: verify oid before writing refs

When using the bundle-uri mechanism with a bundle list containing
multiple interrelated bundles, we encountered a bug where tips from
downloaded bundles were not discovered, thus resulting in rather slow
clones. This was particularly problematic when employing the
"creationTokens" heuristic.

To reproduce this issue, consider a repository with a single branch
"main" pointing to commit "A". Firstly, create a base bundle with:

  git bundle create base.bundle main

Then, add a new commit "B" on top of "A", and create an incremental
bundle for "main":

  git bundle create incr.bundle A..main

Now, generate a bundle list with the following content:

  [bundle]
      version = 1
      mode = all
      heuristic = creationToken

  [bundle "base"]
      uri = base.bundle
      creationToken = 1

  [bundle "incr"]
      uri = incr.bundle
      creationToken = 2

A fresh clone with the bundle list above should result in a reference
"refs/bundles/main" pointing to "B" in the new repository. However, git
would still download everything from the server, as if it had fetched
nothing locally.

So why the "refs/bundles/main" is not discovered? After some digging I
found that:

1. Bundles in bundle list are downloaded to local files via
   `bundle-uri.c:download_bundle_list` or via
   `bundle-uri.c:fetch_bundles_by_token` for the "creationToken"
   heuristic.
2. Each bundle is unbundled via `bundle-uri.c:unbundle_from_file`, which
   is called by `bundle-uri.c:unbundle_all_bundles` or called within
   `bundle-uri.c:fetch_bundles_by_token` for the "creationToken"
   heuristic.
3. To get all prerequisites of the bundle, the bundle header is read
   inside `bundle-uri.c:unbundle_from_file` to by calling
   `bundle.c:read_bundle_header`.
4. Then it calls `bundle.c:unbundle`, which calls
   `bundle.c:verify_bundle` to ensure the repository contains all the
   prerequisites.
5. `bundle.c:verify_bundle` calls `parse_object`, which eventually
   invokes `packfile.c:prepare_packed_git` or
   `packfile.c:reprepare_packed_git`, filling
   `raw_object_store->packed_git` and setting `packed_git_initialized`.
6. If `bundle.c:unbundle` succeeds, it writes refs via
   `refs.c:refs_update_ref` with `REF_SKIP_OID_VERIFICATION` set. Here
   bundle refs which can target arbitrary objects are written to the
   repository.
7. Finally, in `fetch-pack.c:do_fetch_pack_v2`, the functions
   `fetch-pack.c:mark_complete_and_common_ref` and
   `fetch-pack.c:mark_tips` are called with `OBJECT_INFO_QUICK` set to
   find local tips for negotiation. The `OBJECT_INFO_QUICK` flag
   prevents `packfile.c:reprepare_packed_git` from being called,
   resulting in failures to parse OIDs that reside only in the latest
   bundle.

In the example above, when unbunding "incr.bundle", "base.pack" is added
to `packed_git` due to prerequisites verification. However, "B" cannot
be found for negotiation because it exists in "incr.pack", which is not
included in `packed_git`.

Fix the bug by removing `REF_SKIP_OID_VERIFICATION` flag when writing
bundle refs. When `refs.c:refs_update_ref` is called to write the
corresponding bundle refs, it triggers `refs.c:ref_transaction_commit`.
This, in turn, invokes `refs.c:ref_transaction_prepare`, which calls
`transaction_prepare` of the refs storage backend. For files backend, it
is `files-backend.c:files_transaction_prepare`, and for reftable
backend, it is `reftable-backend.c:reftable_be_transaction_prepare`.
Both functions eventually call `object.c:parse_object`, which can invoke
`packfile.c:reprepare_packed_git` to refresh `packed_git`. This ensures
that bundle refs point to valid objects and that all tips from bundle
refs are correctly parsed during subsequent negotiations.

A set of negotiation-related tests for cloning with bundle-uri has been
included to demonstrate that downloaded bundles are utilized to
accelerate fetching.

Additionally, another test has been added to show that bundles with
incorrect headers, where refs point to non-existent objects, do not
result in any bundle refs being created in the repository.

Reviewed-by: Karthik Nayak <karthik.188@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Patrick Steinhardt <ps@pks.im>
Signed-off-by: Xing Xin <xingxin.xx@bytedance.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>

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