selftests/bpf: Add tests for special fields races

Add a couple of tests to ensure that the refcount drops to zero when we
exercise the race where creation of a special field succeeds the logical
bpf_obj_free_fields done when deleting an element. Prior to previous
changes, the fields would be freed eagerly and repopulate and end up
leaking, causing the reference to not drop down correctly. Running this
test on a kernel without fixes will cause a hang in delete_module, since
the module reference stays active due to the leaked kptr not dropping
it. After the fixes tests succeed as expected.

Reviewed-by: Amery Hung <ameryhung@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260227224806.646888-6-memxor@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>

2 files changed, 415 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/map_kptr_race.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/map_kptr_race.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..506ed55e8528
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/map_kptr_race.c
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <test_progs.h>
+#include <network_helpers.h>
+
+#include "map_kptr_race.skel.h"
+
+static int get_map_id(int map_fd)
+{
+	struct bpf_map_info info = {};
+	__u32 len = sizeof(info);
+
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(bpf_map_get_info_by_fd(map_fd, &info, &len), "get_map_info"))
+		return -1;
+	return info.id;
+}
+
+static int read_refs(struct map_kptr_race *skel)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_test_run_opts, opts);
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = bpf_prog_test_run_opts(bpf_program__fd(skel->progs.count_ref), &opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(ret, "count_ref run"))
+		return -1;
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(opts.retval, "count_ref retval"))
+		return -1;
+	return skel->bss->num_of_refs;
+}
+
+static void test_htab_leak(void)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_test_run_opts, opts,
+		.data_in = &pkt_v4,
+		.data_size_in = sizeof(pkt_v4),
+		.repeat = 1,
+	);
+	struct map_kptr_race *skel, *watcher;
+	int ret, map_id;
+
+	skel = map_kptr_race__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "open_and_load"))
+		return;
+
+	ret = bpf_prog_test_run_opts(bpf_program__fd(skel->progs.test_htab_leak), &opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(ret, "test_htab_leak run"))
+		goto out_skel;
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(opts.retval, "test_htab_leak retval"))
+		goto out_skel;
+
+	map_id = get_map_id(bpf_map__fd(skel->maps.race_hash_map));
+	if (!ASSERT_GE(map_id, 0, "map_id"))
+		goto out_skel;
+
+	watcher = map_kptr_race__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(watcher, "watcher open_and_load"))
+		goto out_skel;
+
+	watcher->bss->target_map_id = map_id;
+	watcher->links.map_put = bpf_program__attach(watcher->progs.map_put);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(watcher->links.map_put, "attach fentry"))
+		goto out_watcher;
+	watcher->links.htab_map_free = bpf_program__attach(watcher->progs.htab_map_free);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(watcher->links.htab_map_free, "attach fexit"))
+		goto out_watcher;
+
+	map_kptr_race__destroy(skel);
+	skel = NULL;
+
+	kern_sync_rcu();
+
+	while (!READ_ONCE(watcher->bss->map_freed))
+		sched_yield();
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(watcher->bss->map_freed, 1, "map_freed");
+	ASSERT_EQ(read_refs(watcher), 2, "htab refcount");
+
+out_watcher:
+	map_kptr_race__destroy(watcher);
+out_skel:
+	map_kptr_race__destroy(skel);
+}
+
+static void test_percpu_htab_leak(void)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_test_run_opts, opts,
+		.data_in = &pkt_v4,
+		.data_size_in = sizeof(pkt_v4),
+		.repeat = 1,
+	);
+	struct map_kptr_race *skel, *watcher;
+	int ret, map_id;
+
+	skel = map_kptr_race__open();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "open"))
+		return;
+
+	skel->rodata->nr_cpus = libbpf_num_possible_cpus();
+	if (skel->rodata->nr_cpus > 16)
+		skel->rodata->nr_cpus = 16;
+
+	ret = map_kptr_race__load(skel);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(ret, "load"))
+		goto out_skel;
+
+	ret = bpf_prog_test_run_opts(bpf_program__fd(skel->progs.test_percpu_htab_leak), &opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(ret, "test_percpu_htab_leak run"))
+		goto out_skel;
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(opts.retval, "test_percpu_htab_leak retval"))
+		goto out_skel;
+
+	map_id = get_map_id(bpf_map__fd(skel->maps.race_percpu_hash_map));
+	if (!ASSERT_GE(map_id, 0, "map_id"))
+		goto out_skel;
+
+	watcher = map_kptr_race__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(watcher, "watcher open_and_load"))
+		goto out_skel;
+
+	watcher->bss->target_map_id = map_id;
+	watcher->links.map_put = bpf_program__attach(watcher->progs.map_put);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(watcher->links.map_put, "attach fentry"))
+		goto out_watcher;
+	watcher->links.htab_map_free = bpf_program__attach(watcher->progs.htab_map_free);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(watcher->links.htab_map_free, "attach fexit"))
+		goto out_watcher;
+
+	map_kptr_race__destroy(skel);
+	skel = NULL;
+
+	kern_sync_rcu();
+
+	while (!READ_ONCE(watcher->bss->map_freed))
+		sched_yield();
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(watcher->bss->map_freed, 1, "map_freed");
+	ASSERT_EQ(read_refs(watcher), 2, "percpu_htab refcount");
+
+out_watcher:
+	map_kptr_race__destroy(watcher);
+out_skel:
+	map_kptr_race__destroy(skel);
+}
+
+static void test_sk_ls_leak(void)
+{
+	struct map_kptr_race *skel, *watcher;
+	int listen_fd = -1, client_fd = -1, map_id;
+
+	skel = map_kptr_race__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "open_and_load"))
+		return;
+
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(map_kptr_race__attach(skel), "attach"))
+		goto out_skel;
+
+	listen_fd = start_server(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, "::1", 0, 0);
+	if (!ASSERT_GE(listen_fd, 0, "start_server"))
+		goto out_skel;
+
+	client_fd = connect_to_fd(listen_fd, 0);
+	if (!ASSERT_GE(client_fd, 0, "connect_to_fd"))
+		goto out_skel;
+
+	if (!ASSERT_EQ(skel->bss->sk_ls_leak_done, 1, "sk_ls_leak_done"))
+		goto out_skel;
+
+	close(client_fd);
+	client_fd = -1;
+	close(listen_fd);
+	listen_fd = -1;
+
+	map_id = get_map_id(bpf_map__fd(skel->maps.race_sk_ls_map));
+	if (!ASSERT_GE(map_id, 0, "map_id"))
+		goto out_skel;
+
+	watcher = map_kptr_race__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(watcher, "watcher open_and_load"))
+		goto out_skel;
+
+	watcher->bss->target_map_id = map_id;
+	watcher->links.map_put = bpf_program__attach(watcher->progs.map_put);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(watcher->links.map_put, "attach fentry"))
+		goto out_watcher;
+	watcher->links.sk_map_free = bpf_program__attach(watcher->progs.sk_map_free);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(watcher->links.sk_map_free, "attach fexit"))
+		goto out_watcher;
+
+	map_kptr_race__destroy(skel);
+	skel = NULL;
+
+	kern_sync_rcu();
+
+	while (!READ_ONCE(watcher->bss->map_freed))
+		sched_yield();
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(watcher->bss->map_freed, 1, "map_freed");
+	ASSERT_EQ(read_refs(watcher), 2, "sk_ls refcount");
+
+out_watcher:
+	map_kptr_race__destroy(watcher);
+out_skel:
+	if (client_fd >= 0)
+		close(client_fd);
+	if (listen_fd >= 0)
+		close(listen_fd);
+	map_kptr_race__destroy(skel);
+}
+
+void serial_test_map_kptr_race(void)
+{
+	if (test__start_subtest("htab_leak"))
+		test_htab_leak();
+	if (test__start_subtest("percpu_htab_leak"))
+		test_percpu_htab_leak();
+	if (test__start_subtest("sk_ls_leak"))
+		test_sk_ls_leak();
+}
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/map_kptr_race.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/map_kptr_race.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f6f136cd8f60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/map_kptr_race.c
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <vmlinux.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_tracing.h>
+#include "../test_kmods/bpf_testmod_kfunc.h"
+
+struct map_value {
+	struct prog_test_ref_kfunc __kptr *ref_ptr;
+};
+
+struct {
+	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH);
+	__uint(map_flags, BPF_F_NO_PREALLOC);
+	__type(key, int);
+	__type(value, struct map_value);
+	__uint(max_entries, 1);
+} race_hash_map SEC(".maps");
+
+struct {
+	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERCPU_HASH);
+	__uint(map_flags, BPF_F_NO_PREALLOC);
+	__type(key, int);
+	__type(value, struct map_value);
+	__uint(max_entries, 1);
+} race_percpu_hash_map SEC(".maps");
+
+struct {
+	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_SK_STORAGE);
+	__uint(map_flags, BPF_F_NO_PREALLOC);
+	__type(key, int);
+	__type(value, struct map_value);
+} race_sk_ls_map SEC(".maps");
+
+int num_of_refs;
+int sk_ls_leak_done;
+int target_map_id;
+int map_freed;
+const volatile int nr_cpus;
+
+SEC("tc")
+int test_htab_leak(struct __sk_buff *skb)
+{
+	struct prog_test_ref_kfunc *p, *old;
+	struct map_value val = {};
+	struct map_value *v;
+	int key = 0;
+
+	if (bpf_map_update_elem(&race_hash_map, &key, &val, BPF_ANY))
+		return 1;
+
+	v = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&race_hash_map, &key);
+	if (!v)
+		return 2;
+
+	p = bpf_kfunc_call_test_acquire(&(unsigned long){0});
+	if (!p)
+		return 3;
+	old = bpf_kptr_xchg(&v->ref_ptr, p);
+	if (old)
+		bpf_kfunc_call_test_release(old);
+
+	bpf_map_delete_elem(&race_hash_map, &key);
+
+	p = bpf_kfunc_call_test_acquire(&(unsigned long){0});
+	if (!p)
+		return 4;
+	old = bpf_kptr_xchg(&v->ref_ptr, p);
+	if (old)
+		bpf_kfunc_call_test_release(old);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int fill_percpu_kptr(struct map_value *v)
+{
+	struct prog_test_ref_kfunc *p, *old;
+
+	p = bpf_kfunc_call_test_acquire(&(unsigned long){0});
+	if (!p)
+		return 1;
+	old = bpf_kptr_xchg(&v->ref_ptr, p);
+	if (old)
+		bpf_kfunc_call_test_release(old);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+SEC("tc")
+int test_percpu_htab_leak(struct __sk_buff *skb)
+{
+	struct map_value *v, *arr[16] = {};
+	struct map_value val = {};
+	int key = 0;
+	int err = 0;
+
+	if (bpf_map_update_elem(&race_percpu_hash_map, &key, &val, BPF_ANY))
+		return 1;
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < nr_cpus; i++) {
+		v = bpf_map_lookup_percpu_elem(&race_percpu_hash_map, &key, i);
+		if (!v)
+			return 2;
+		arr[i] = v;
+	}
+
+	bpf_map_delete_elem(&race_percpu_hash_map, &key);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < nr_cpus; i++) {
+		v = arr[i];
+		err = fill_percpu_kptr(v);
+		if (err)
+			return 3;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+SEC("tp_btf/inet_sock_set_state")
+int BPF_PROG(test_sk_ls_leak, struct sock *sk, int oldstate, int newstate)
+{
+	struct prog_test_ref_kfunc *p, *old;
+	struct map_value *v;
+
+	if (newstate != BPF_TCP_SYN_SENT)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (sk_ls_leak_done)
+		return 0;
+
+	v = bpf_sk_storage_get(&race_sk_ls_map, sk, NULL,
+				BPF_SK_STORAGE_GET_F_CREATE);
+	if (!v)
+		return 0;
+
+	p = bpf_kfunc_call_test_acquire(&(unsigned long){0});
+	if (!p)
+		return 0;
+	old = bpf_kptr_xchg(&v->ref_ptr, p);
+	if (old)
+		bpf_kfunc_call_test_release(old);
+
+	bpf_sk_storage_delete(&race_sk_ls_map, sk);
+
+	p = bpf_kfunc_call_test_acquire(&(unsigned long){0});
+	if (!p)
+		return 0;
+	old = bpf_kptr_xchg(&v->ref_ptr, p);
+	if (old)
+		bpf_kfunc_call_test_release(old);
+
+	sk_ls_leak_done = 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+long target_map_ptr;
+
+SEC("fentry/bpf_map_put")
+int BPF_PROG(map_put, struct bpf_map *map)
+{
+	if (target_map_id && map->id == (u32)target_map_id)
+		target_map_ptr = (long)map;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+SEC("fexit/htab_map_free")
+int BPF_PROG(htab_map_free, struct bpf_map *map)
+{
+	if (target_map_ptr && (long)map == target_map_ptr)
+		map_freed = 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+SEC("fexit/bpf_sk_storage_map_free")
+int BPF_PROG(sk_map_free, struct bpf_map *map)
+{
+	if (target_map_ptr && (long)map == target_map_ptr)
+		map_freed = 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+SEC("syscall")
+int count_ref(void *ctx)
+{
+	struct prog_test_ref_kfunc *p;
+	unsigned long arg = 0;
+
+	p = bpf_kfunc_call_test_acquire(&arg);
+	if (!p)
+		return 1;
+
+	num_of_refs = p->cnt.refs.counter;
+
+	bpf_kfunc_call_test_release(p);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";